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A power system is the electrical energy grid that covers a particular geographic region. It consists of generation, transmission and distribution equipment. This article will provide an overview of power systems and how they work so readers can better understand what goes on behind the scenes. One example of a power system is the Western Interconnection in North America, which includes Canada and Mexico as well as the United States. The Western Interconnection has 10,000 generating units totaling over 350 gigawatts. Another example is Europe’s synchronous grid with about 150 gigawatts total installed capacity at 400 different sites in 14 countries with all frequencies coordinated as if it were one single powerful generator or motor operating at 50 hertz (cycles per second). The purpose of a power system is to make reliable and efficient use of the electrical energy it generates. This is accomplished through transmission from generation power plants to consumers, typically from large coal or nuclear plants which run at very high rotational speeds to smaller hydroelectric plants. In a power system there are generators, transformers and substations that take in electrical energy from a source such as a hydroelectric dam and give out electrical energy at low voltage that can be used by homes or businesses. There are also devices that deliver electricity very quickly, often in the form of ultrahigh-voltage transmission lines, called high-voltage direct current (HVDC). Power systems must maintain electrical balance between supply and demand at all times. This means that when there is too much electricity, equipment is used to absorb the excess energy. When demand exceeds supply, the power system operator uses devices called synchronous condensers to produce instant power. Large synchronous condensers are often deployed in solar thermal power plants. The term “power system” has several different meanings in today’s modern world of electricity. It can refer to a single electric power generator or a hydroelectric dam, a network of large transmission lines or a region with interconnected local distribution grids and switching stations. These systems require different physical and technical structures that vary from region to region and from country to country. The electrical grid that connects together the various power plants in a power system is also referred to as the “interconnection” or “grid.” The operating frequency of these grids varies by location. Generally the higher the frequency, the smaller are units of time, making it easier for electricity to flow through the grid. A power system usually has several levels of equipment, including generators, transformers, substations and distribution transformers. Generators create electricity by spinning electrical generators along with magnets at high speed. They are located in large buildings called power plants. Power plants may require several years to build and then must be kept up to speed. Transmission lines carry the electricity from the power plant(s) through substations to distribution transformers, which take it down to standard voltage for consumers. Distribution transformers are connected either to the electrical grid or directly for local use, such as in homes or businesses. The power system is a critical element in society because it is responsible for providing electric energy at a reasonable cost while providing reliable service and maintaining service capability beyond its expected life span. There are a variety of economic and political reasons why a power system has a crucial role in society, including national security, commerce and industrial development. cfa1e77820
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